In an era when rail reigned transportation, the African-American porter workforce helped define luxury train travel. For almost a century, Pullman porters worked the sleeping and dining cars that gave white travelers an extravagant riding experience. Pullman porters, who were almost exclusively Black men, are also recognized for their role in developing the Black middle class and advancing civil rights. Â
Shortly after the Civil War, industrialist George Pullman began hiring dark-skinned Black menâmany of whom were freed slavesâto attend to the needs of white passengers on his newly minted, opulent train cars.
Pullmanâs first luxury car, âThe Presidentâ, was touted as a âhotel on wheelsââa sleeper car with a full kitchen and dining car attached, and impeccable service provided by Black staff. White passengers, instead of calling the porters by name or by âsirâ, addressed them as âboyâ or âGeorgeâ, continuing the racist practice of naming a slave after his master.Â
Porter tasks included greeting passengers, carrying baggage, serving beverages and food, cleaning cars, making up sleeping berths, shining shoes and ironing clothes.Â
Low Wages and Poor Working Conditions
While porters were paid wages, they were among the worst-paid train employees, especially considering that the fees for sleeping car tickets were often double those of regular tickets. They had to supplement their pay with tips and often had to cover the costs of their own food and uniforms.Â
Porters also endured poor working conditions. The men slept in the âsmoking car,â which doubled as the menâs toiletâtheir sleeping couch separated only by a curtain. A Pullman porter often worked 100 hours a week, sometimes on call for 24 hours straight and away from home for many days at a time. Â
By the 1920âs more than 20,000 African Americans worked for the company, making it the largest employer of African Americans at the time.Â
Initially, the job of Pullman porter was considered desirable, even enviable, in the Black community. Wages were generally higher than other jobs and not as grueling as sharecropping, which was the other work typically offered to former slaves.
Influencing a Generation of Black Train Travelers
Being a porter also afforded African Americans the ability to travel the country during an era when travel for Blacks was restricted.Â
In her Conde Nast Traveler article How Pullman Porters Influenced a Generation of Black Train Travelers  journalist Taryn White writes:Â
âAmerica’s golden age of train travel often conjures up images of a glamorous, bygone era known for plush seats, gourmet dining cars, and spacious sleeping cabinsâthe epitome of which was the Pullman sleeper car. What might not come to mind is the skilled and industrious workforce behind that white-glove hospitality: the Pullman porters.Â
Their diligence, attention to detail, and impeccable service helped make the Pullman Palace Car Company the most desirable method of travel during the heyday of passenger rail travel. FoundedâŻshortly afterâŻthe end of the American Civil WarâŻin 1867 by George Pullman, theâŻPullman CompanyâŻpopularizedâŻsleeping carâŻtrainâŻtravel in Americaâfor the white middleâŻand upperâŻclassâby offeringâŻluxuryâŻsleeper cars andâŻhigh-end service fromâŻPullman porters.âÂ
Because of their mobility and expertise, Pullman porters were âinspirational conductors of anâŻovergroundâŻrailroad,â says William Pretzer, Senior Curator of History at theâŻNational Museum of African American History & Culture. In an era before interstate highwaysâŻandâŻcommercial flights, rail travel took millions of African Americans from the South, where Jim Crow laws made life especially unbearable, to northern cities like Chicago during the Great Migration from 1910 to 1970. âPorters offered sage advice about traveling via the trainâthe essential transportation system for African Americans to flee the South,â Pretzer said.âÂ
Expanding Job Opportunities for African Americans
Porters also helped to disseminate job opportunities among southern workers. They spoke of the better quality of life and working conditions away from the south, which helped lure African Americans to communities up north.Â
While working the luxury cars and chatting with passengers, porters also learned about  investing, the importance of higher education, and other financial matters. This information gave them knowledge that encouraged them to save and send their children or grandchildren to college.Â
Organizing for Better Work Conditions
One Porter Pullman, A. Philip Randolph, started a movement to improve working conditions by leading his fellow porters to organize. The first all-Black union, theâŻBrotherhood of Sleeping Car PortersâŻwas formed in 1925, but an agreement with the Pullman Company wasnât signed until 1937. Decades later this union played a pivotal role in the advancement of theâŻCivil Rights Movement.Â
C.L. Dellums, a fellow Porter Puller, joined the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters and led the union along with A. Philip Randolph after being fired. In addition to Dellumsâ time as a union organizer, he continued the fight for equal rights and equal protections for black workers by leading the statewide movement for a state fair employment practices law. Because of his efforts, Governor Pat Brown appointed Dellums as the chairman of the Fair Employment Practices Committee, making him the first black man to ever hold the seat. Dellums was laid to rest in Oakland on December 6, 1989, but his legacy lives on. A statue of him stands at the Oakland Jack London Square Amtrak station.
After Rosa Parks was arrested for sitting on a Montgomery bus seat designated âWhites Onlyâ, Mrs. Parks called the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porter union leader and NAACP activist Edgar D. Nixon. He, in turn, created a list of ministers he called to lead the Montgomery bus boycott. High on that list was a young minister, Martin Luther King, Jr.Â
The rest is history. American history.
Feature photo from A. Philip Randolph Pullman Porter Museum via Timeline.com.
AfterwardÂ
Rail travel carried 98 percent of all intercity passenger service in the U.S. in the early 1900s. Airplane and auto travel knocked trains off of its throne by the 1950s; thus, the Pullman Company folded in 1968 along with its porter workforce.
In 1995, A. Philip Randolph Pullman Porter MuseumâŻopened its doors in the South Side of Chicago to celebrate both the life of âŻA. Philip RandolphâŻand the role of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters and other African-Americans in the U.S.âŻlabor movement.
The A. Philip Randolph Pullman Porter MuseumâŻis housed in one ofâŻthe original rowhouses built by George PullmanâŻto house workers and is part of theâŻU.S. Department of the Interior‘s PullmanâŻNational Historic Landmark District. The museum houses a collection of artifacts and documents related to theâŻBrotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters.
For More Information about Pullman PortersÂ
In 2009, Amtrak honored Pullman porters on National Train Day with a traveling exhibit which featured 20 former Pullman porters. The photo exhibit and five of the Pullman porters came to our Jack London Square Station.  Oakland Tribune reporter Michael L Grace covered the event and the published article is now posted on Cruising the Past: Pullman Porters Road to Success. Visit that site to see historical photos and the recollections by the honorees: retired train porters Lee Gibson, Thomas H. Gray, Samuel Coleman, James Smith, and Troy Walker. Â
If you prefer podcasts over articles, NPRâs podcast Rising from the Rails, features enlightening interviews withâŻjournalist Larry Tye about the Pullman Portersâ influence in creating the Black Middle Class in the United States and their role in advancing our Civil Rights movement. Â
You can access the NPR interviews by using these links: Â
https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=103933268Â
https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=103880184Â
For a more local connection, check out authors Thomas and Wilma Trambleâs book:  The Pullman Porters and West Oakland (CA) (Images of America),âŻÂ which can be found on Amazon.com.Â